The Otoe and Missouria peoples, closely related Siouan-speaking nations, were the first Native peoples with whom the expedition held a formal diplomatic council — at a site Lewis named “Council Bluff” near present-day Fort Calhoun, Nebraska, in August 1804.
The council set the template for dozens of similar meetings throughout the journey: Lewis delivered a speech about American sovereignty and trade, distributed gifts (medals, flags, trade goods), demonstrated the air rifle, and invited chiefs to visit the “Great Father” in Washington.
The Otoe and Missouria had been weakened by smallpox and warfare with other tribes. They were interested in the trade relationship the expedition promised but lacked the military power to resist or negotiate from strength.
