Tent of Many Voices: 09260402T

many voices here was a place designed for people of different professional backgrounds and cultures and talents to come and do just that and we have a wide range of programs that we offer every day in the tenam voices and so today I'm very pleased to have with us Mr Craig how from the Okala Lakota college and he's going to be talking about uh rocking the keelboat A New Perspective on the Sue and canner happening in this area so please help welcome Craig C this morning this afternoon I'm sorry this afternoon I'd like to talk about these New Perspectives on the ton confrontation and that's what this is usually called here at the bad river is a ton confrontation or a ton encounter now to to argue for New Perspectives I have to quote unquote Rock the K and there are different ways that people Rock the C in one way is physically and and in a very confrontational way and another way is to use critical thinking skills and that's what I'm going to argue today is using critical thinking so you can follow along with me I'm going to present an argument that I believe fits the evidence better than the mainstream narratives which is the KE that I'm or these mainstream narratives now I'll give you the evidence and you can decide for yourself whether or not uh you agree to it the point is is that we have to think critically we have to be able to set aside what we have been taught up to this point what we have read or what we have watched so the first thing is a quiz i' like to start with I found this this is a flyer from last year uh bad River Gathering and so can someone tell me what's wrong thinking critically what's wrong with this you know I teach a lot of classes and I know okay you guys don't want to answer but see if this will help you out here is there something what's the difference between those two Flyers besides the color and the dates yeah y this is person is gone here right that person represents and Saka was never here at the bad River was at least with L and Clark she was never here and so this idea that we can think critically about what happened and even how it's represented and that's my argument today we're going to have to think critically about what we have been told about the Louis and Clark uh confrontation with tons here in at the bad River now who are these Su who are these tons we use those terms but perhaps we don't understand it fully and in LA or G na these are the three linguistic groups that make up what in those languages is called o Shak the seven Council fires and those seven Council fires uh have four councils that are on that right side and those are the does the two uh it kind of cack each color not the people but the squares those two squares those are the Aus and the fullest one on the right are the tons or the laus and that's where ton comes from it's abbreviation of tan they just dropped the W and so it's ton tan and of the Tans there are seven tribes contemporary tribes one of those are the situ uh and it was the sichu tribe who L and clar U encountered here at the B River the sitan who the attendance of those people there are two reservations now one is the lower bual reservation which is down river a little ways and the other is the rose bud reservation which is south and a little bit West on the uh Nebraska border what is s with Nebraska border so that's who the uh uh Sue are that's that word is doesn't exist in D or notot the language that's a French abbreviation of an O word who you're interested in are the sichu they are the people that l park encountered Now sichu history is a lot different than the uh LS Park Expedition history it's based on oral tradition and winter counts and these winter counts have certain attributes that are unique to Winter counts one is that their Event Center meaning when each year in the winter the men and it was the men not the women they would decide what's the most important event that happened in the last year and then those men would make that decision and then have the uh historian this gentleman here record that event in drawing on a winter count and they Rec they make a little drawing for that whole year and then that historian would have to remember the name of that year and then the story the account of that event so this represents many many years here they're Ono the winter count is never finished a winter count is something that's added to every year so it's not a finite thing it's experiential experiential meaning it's something that these people experience it's not something they read about it's not something they watch on TV it's it's not something someone else told them it's experiential meaning they experience that event and it's specific is extended family and it's only what that extended family experience So within the chu there are many Tios each Tios had its own winter count so there's no C Chu history there's no ton history there's no Ching history there are these F history very specific now this technology is very nonspecific right if get back okay one event that happened in sicho history that maybe would be on these uh winter counts it happened in 1862 or 1762 or 1763 in the summer in the Southeastern what is now Southeastern South Dakota uh there was a hry fire that unexpectedly came up and uh these people were camped out on the furry there was a man and his wife and some children that were away from the main camp and they ended up perishing in that fire but the rest of the people were able to jump or leap into a lake or maybe it was a river but probably a lake and escaped the fire and and saved themselves but in that process the their thighs were all burnt and what I think maybe one example would be that maybe there was dry grass that had blown into that Lake and then when that fire came by it burned that grass was burning on top of that Lake I do not know was just an idea but all those people were standing in that water and they all burnt their thighs so they call themselves in in laa changu meaning burnt thighs of course in French it became Bru another event that happened in sich changu history is uh happened in 1826 at lost Timber and I cannot find that where lost Timber is I think it's a name that's Lota specific it's not been uh found in uh English on English mass but the the accounts say it happened at the headwaters of the Nia River and the headwaters of the Nia River are in Wyoming so I think this was over there in Wyoming and at that time there was a two young men were fighting for a woman within the camp and the their fight escalated until they actually were killing each other uh there were a number of deaths so the people celed and decided to divide themselves into two the lower pools the the pool we talked of they went onto the White River and then the upper division they went to the North Plat River and so the lower division became the what's now lower Ral reservation and this upper division predominantly became what is now the lose reservation so that's how they champu people ended up dividing into these how they got their name and how they divided into their two divisions uh suu history so the point is is that sangu history is ongoing and it was here a long long long time before non-indians got here leou and Clark came by in 1804 uh us was founded in say 1776 which might be right around here saho history comes way over here someplace it's the sahos and all of the Native Americans or American Indian tribes that were here from time immemorial this is home it's not the West to Indian tribes this is home and their histories start way back there and they continue on today and Beyond as far as we can foresee into the Future these histories are ongoing so this Lis and park thing is just a little blip in the history of these tribes and none of the uh winter counts that I know of have any mention of Louis and Par so it's just not it's a nonevent from L perspective now that's the L side the the situ side what about the core of Discovery history the mainstream history it's based on books and films and it has a different uh attributes than winter counts do these books and films are time time centered they'll start usually in St Louis or maybe they'll start at monello and they'll work up and they'll work up River out to the Pacific and back they they're they're time driven and they're fixed that book and those movies are they're a fixed entity you don't add to them their publishing is done they're imaginative none of these authors Ronda or Ambrose or Burns or whoever did the National Geographic one none of them traveled with ls and Clark none of them experienced Lewis and CLK or they encounter here they're using their imagination to write these histories and as we know when we use our imaginations we should be very critical and those of us now 200 years later or maybe 20 years later we can think critically about how these people use their imaginations to create these histories the fourth part of it is that these were intended for a universal audience they're not intended just for a te they're not intended for a limited audience they want these to represent to be read by people from now on always and forever you should be able to read these books or watch these videos and it's not just for people in South Dakota or for Americans these are intended for the world and to to read and to watch so their their intention is completely different from than from the winter now what do they say what do those history say about t two main things that come out in all of those histories one is that the sich or the vakas were bad people Clark the uh uh tons were the violence misre of the Savage Race those are hatred words those are words uh filled with hatred that's not I don't think an objective analysis to say that these are the violist misp of the sadly Grace that's someone that hates someone else and when we know if someone is speaking with hatred we just can't trust what those people are saying they're going to be extremely biased but that's what Clark wrote that's what all these histories repeat the other thing is how that's tied in is they say the Expedition knew about the tons before they left St Louis or Camp down there just this side of St Louis so I decided after I read this that my ancestors were the viist Myster of the Savage Race it made me mad so I decided I'm going to see where the evidence is for this and so the way I came is I'm going to look for where they knew that these tons were such bad people now this is what all of them will say all of these histories are going to say from the very beginning of their Enterprise the captain had known they would have to face the feisty Tetons now this is the nicest word you're going to find about describing the Tetons feisty most of them are going to be way worse than that but he uses feisty in this case so what's the evidence for this well there was three lines of evidence that we can look at we can look at letters that were written by Louis and C or to LS and C we can look at maps that LS and C produced or that they had access to and we can look at gifts that Lou and cl prepared for the people they were going to meet coming up the river so let's look at these three lines of evidence you guys can be like a jury for me I'm going to present you the evidence as I could find it if this thing will work okay first is the letters this is the famous letter and it's the only letter I can find that mentions the sup and remember when I had that slide about who's the Sue we don't know who they were talking about were they talking about all the sus or were they just talking about the yanin or were they the nons or were they talking about the tons we do not know it's confusing but what they do say is that and every historian will say this quote to you everyone what's in red they'll say on that Nation we wish most particularly to make a friendly impression because of their immense power period every one of those four histories and almost anyone else will say that ver beta they'll never give you the rest of that sentence never the rest of that sentence is because we learn they are very desirous of being on the most friendly terms with us no one will give do that that's what Thomas Jefferson the president of the United States wrote to Lewis we never did that from those histor Jefferson is saying the kons or the s want to be friendly not that they're mean not that they're vile but that they want to be friendly second line of evidence maaps again all these histories say that LE and harda were down there in L they poured over the maps all these maps that were available to them they poured over them and they knew everything about the tribes they were going to encounter well let's go and look at those Maps ourselves two of the maps they mention are suard maps map in 1796 and K's map in 1803 here's su's map in uh the one half of su's 18 1796 M now they do mention he does mention Su on here first kind of can you see that red dot that's uh I don't know about these Corners anyway this is the grand that's the big band in the Missouri River we're somewhere right along here well look who's right there Mand Indians here's the SU this is the Rocky Mountains so su's map has the Su located in the Rocky Mountains that's not going to help you a lot if you're going to come up the Missouri River and you're going to look for S the other side of that map have they do have to Su more appropriately uh located this is the head of the Mississippi River the headers of the Mississippi River the doas were at the headwaters of the Mississippi River and the laas were there as well so that part's correct but along the Missouri River no s So based on these maps su's maps there's no mention of s or tons along the Missouri River the S at the headquarters of the Mississippi River which is accurate there are s in the Rocky Mountains which are not accurate and there are no mention of tons so these tons were so violent so dangerous and everything why aren't they showing up on these map well maybe they're on King's map cuz King's map was WR was drawn in 1803 the year before the Expedition here's team's map 1803 this is kind of amazing I think this is the Kansas River or maybe I think this is the Kansas River here's the Mandan Villages here's the Missouri River where all the Susan peons are it's a dotted line they had no clue there's no sus and no tons at all on this map this is what the historians are telling L and Clark poured over and found out to be prepared for these warlike tons that are up River third line of evidence gifts Louis and Clark packed gifts based on those maps and all this knowledge they got from these people in St Louis they they decided oh we're going to meet all these tribes we got to pack gifts for all these tribes that's a proper thing to do so they pack gifts and they numbered each of these they call them Bales bales of gifts or big bags of gifts and they made gifts bales of gifts for the okos or the pones for the ponas or any other Nation this side of the omahas for the omahas for the oras for the man and then they they had five or six veils of gifts for foreign Nations those are nations beyond the Mand I left the Gap in there because that's where the S of the tons would be right here no gifts if they knew they were going to encounter these Su or tons why didn't they pack gifts for them Thomas Jefferson their commanderin-chief told them this is the one tribe he mentions he says on that Nation we want to make a friendly impression well if you want to make a friendly impression would you take gifts they didn't for some reason that's the evidence is all right so what we have with based on the evidence that Jefferson letter let Jefferson's letter clearly indicates that the tons were desire of being on friendly terms we have that suard and King's Nats make no mention of sus or tons along the Missouri River we have that no gifts were prepared or prepacked for the s or the tons so therefore the Expedition did not anticipate encountering any s or Tetons between Camp DEA and Amanda villages if you were a jury I think you would have to reach that conclusion based on evidence but if you follow those histories that we all read and that we all watch you will never reach this conclusion you'll reach an opposite that these TS were vile myrian people warlike everyone knew they were up River and Louis and Clark were prepared from the time they left St Louis to fight these TS there's no evidence for that that well what do we have for evidence about what actually happened right here and what we have are the journals and I strongly encourage you to go to the journals and I hope if there's one thing that comes out of today's presentation that it will make you want to go right back to your house and buy the journals or go to the public library and read them there are not a lot of words printed about these seven days that Lewis and Clark were among the tons it's you could read it all in an afternoon or a day at MES it's very easy to do I highly encourage you to do it go to the source do not read Ambrose as fact do not read Rhonda as fact do not take that P film as fact do not take what I'm telling you as fact go to these sources this is the best one the definitive journals of Lewis and Clark by Gary he has uh the journals of Clark gas orway and white Houser those four gentlemen wrote accounts of what happened here so be sure to read all of them not just Clarks because my argument is that Clark had an extreme bias and hatred for the tons so don't read his accounts alone be sure to read gas orway at White House now for Clark you'll get two accounts in this uh in the edited edition you're going to get his uh what he wrote Into His field notes uh each day and then you'll get his journal inent and sometimes those match up and sometimes they don't and then sometimes what he says match up with what gas orway and White House says and sometimes it doesn't it is not a simple or a very clear story there is Extreme room for um interpretation and so what I'm going to present now is my interpretation of what happened these seven nights and 8 days that leis and Clark encountered living uh Lota people uh these are those seven nights then that the expedition was here uh in the in ton territory and this is Clark's map on the right and a USGS map on the left and you can see that his his map is pretty accurate well September 23rd is the uh was on that in that year September 23rd was the abominal equinox and the Equinox of course is when the Sun rises halfway between the sulfus it's the day of the year there's two days where there's equinoxes the vernal equinox and the ainal equinox when the days and the nights are equal length most societies and cultures from the in the history of the world have recognized those kinds of here as very important and I think it's highly symbolic that on the Equinox Day is when Louis and Clark first met uh tons and so he had all these Cosmic Powers aligned for things to happen in a good way and on that day they kind of did but it's kind of telling what L what right in his journal first thing that morning after he mentions his The Equinox he says I see a fire to the Southwest he's looking down river I see a fire to the Southwest that's a signal that the Indians have discovered us now that's fascinating because up until the yankin leis and Clark sent fires and sent men out trying to get the Indians to come in and counsel with them when they left the yankin they never s another fire why if they were supposed to be counseling and meeting with these tribes and if they knew about the tons why weren't they trying to encounter the Tetons instead they were trying to sneak past so L Clark I think was trying to get from the yanas to the riod sneak past the tons they couldn't so he writes in his journal they have discovered us that evening they see four ton boys on the uh south side of the Missouri River so they of course they go to the opposite side of the River and then three of those boys swim over to them and they have a nice visit with those boys and they ask those boys to tell their chief that they would like to counsel with them the next day so the 24th starts out early in the morning pretty good but then an event happens that uh Clark makes a big deal of in his journal that uh the last horse is lost he says it was stolen we have no evidence there's no evidence that the horse was stolen all know is that cter lost the horse now we like to think okay let's assume that the tons of the lotas did steal that horse well where did Lou and Clark get that horse they left St Louis they didn't have any horses in St Charles they bought two horses but then we don't know what happened since then what the journals do say is that uh they stole two horses along the way now they don't say they stole them of course they found found two horses out on the Prairie and so they took them they don't say they stole them but they did find them and took them and one just was conveniently it was a white horse said it was big and fat a very good horse obviously Clark says left by an O I think Old Stage war party last year Well that'd be like if I go out in the parking lot and you aren't there and I get in your car and take your car you're not there I just found it or did I steal it well they found two horses they stole them they tried to Steal a Dog there was a dog and they say in their journals they fed that dog meat trying to uh get the dog to follow them but that dog would not so um they did they were taking things the other thing they took were these Trav Trav oid poles and these were tee poles that could double function as Tepe poles and also to carry their goods from one Camp to another well two days previous they were at an old fort fort fort loelle that moelle had made uh on the River they visited it there were no lootas there but there were all these tep poles so they took stole tep poles why they worked really good for those setting poles to push the heelbo up River so LS and car before they even met tons they were stealing things but when the tons allegedly stole their horse they get upset about it and what do they say the next tons they meet they say we want to be friendly with you but we're not afraid of you you stole our horse that horse was sent by the our great father or your great father the president of the United States for your Chief if you don't return that horse we're not going to talk to you none of that was true it was all a lie that horse was not sent by Thomas Jefferson even if it was one they bought in St Charles it was not sent by Thomas Jefferson secondly that horse was never intended for the chief they lied about that thirdly they said if you don't return that horse we won't talk with you that horse was never returned they still talk to the tons Le and Clark sent in motion on this day 24th of September way of interacting between the United States government and the tons that a way that faced on threats and lies and as an example of that in 1980 the Supreme Court could said that a a more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealings may never be found in the history of our nation they were talking about what the United States government did to the wotas that steal the Black Hills so I think that this idea of threats and lies started with w clar and it progressed all the way through and it's still going on at times so that's what set this all In Motion I believe the other thing I want to make a mention of on this day is FAL medicine they smoked a pipe with bule medicine that evening and he is who I'm going to argue to you that LS and Clark took as hostage he and his son and he's the first uh lot chief that they and he's going to be the last that that they release so now I make that argument that that's what they did it started on the September 25th and of course the historians will all tell you and if you read the histories and watch those videos in a way that seems very easy easy to understand what happened on that day read the journals it is so complicated you will not be able to sort it out I guarantee you that you're going to have to just ignore parts of it and that's uh in a way what I'm going to do here I think first of all or the main things I'll mention about this day is that Lis and CLK were trying to negotiate their way up they were trying to sneep past the tons the tons discovered them so they uh then decided to do their typical uh craving of the men and shooting of the air rifle and reading their speeches uh that didn't work they tried to get the laas drunk that didn't work so they were at a quandre to do and the lotas were not going to let them go up River they said you're going to have to give us more Goods before we're going to let you go up the river so what the captains they were they had they were in a Bine they were fewer than the lotas the lotas were not going to let him go up River but Lou and Clark was dead set on going up River so what the I think Lou and Clark decided was okay we will stay with you for another day but if we're going to stay with you you have to we or you have to allow four of your men to stay on our CUO as insurance that you won't sink it so that's the basis of my argument that this is where it started Lis and CLK had to somehow ensure that the Expedition would not be sabotaged how do you do that make sure there's important lootas on the boats that way they won't be sun so this is where it happened you read the journals there were all artic at that it was black Buffalo and buffalo medicine and two other important men that were on the K that night for the rest of the time that they were in ton territory there are lotas on the K booat all the time September 26th the next day then uh what we have are a feast plan that day on the 25th black Buffalo and buffalo medicine and partisan perhaps had asked that l in C stay so they can welcome them to ton territory properly and on the 26th they did that they hosted a a large Feast for them and they carried gas and cl individually on a buffalo robe To The Feast now again if these people these tons are so vile if they're myrian of the Savage Race if they're so warlike why would they show this level of respect that doesn't seem like people that are V Myer warlike all bad things seems like people that have a lot of respect for visitors that are trying to show extreme hospitality and maybe someone argu sometimes oh it's just a it was a one time deal but no this is a cultural practice at that time look here's father desmid being welcomed by the Su and the same thing carrying him in on a buffalo roope that's a cultural practice it wasn't something unique to do in Clark it was just a sign that this band Theus uh accorded them respect as visitors now the feast probably look something like this um where you take a few TS and take them apart and then put them up into an awning and uh I this is a painting by katn from the 1830s but I think this would be pretty close to what it looked like after there was a feast there was a victory dance and this is a painting by a drawing by Amos badart Bull and here one by Reginald Lin and a victory dance is again is telling a history this is his these warriors uh would recount those Brave Deeds that they had done on the war path and this was a way of verifying their histories and unfortunately we don't have anything like this for these mainstream histories but in sichu histories and in tribal history generally before anything can be recorded as history it has to be except by the people you have to prove what you did these mainstream histories and my point about them is that they're not based on evidence that if those historians had to present the evidence they couldn't say what they've been saying after the uh uh dance the next day September 27th there was a lot of visiting back and forth between the crew on the Expedition and the CH of the loas in the village they lots of visiting back and forth all day Clark doesn't mention it but the other three journalists do gas orway and White House all mention that during this day the Chiefs and their sons were brought on the pebo and I think it's important that we keep in mind this idea of Chiefs and Sons were brought on that peelo that night was another dance and uh afterwards we had what I think is the first example of boting under the influence that's when one of the uh uh canoes ran into the kbo severed the the rope that held the anchor and the kbo started floating away and of course there was a lot of commotion and a misinterpretation on the part of car for what happened when lootas came down according to gas forway and White House lootas ran to the shore to protect the Expedition according to Clark lootas came to the shore to try to uh steal or Rob from them they showed their true intentions to stop the Expedition so again we have the journalists themselves disagreeing on key facts and we have one person who we know hates the tons and that has a vested interest in the story being painted out a certain way he's saying that these tons came down with bad intentions we have the other three journalists who have no vested interest saying the Tetons came down to protect the Expedition who do we believe that's for us to decide on ourselves who are the historians telling us about almost always they follow LS Amica therefore we always get this painted picture that the tons a bad September 28th um on this day is when we have the second major confrontation and if we're going to have this uh hostage I think this is a good example more clearly of how this hostage argument can be made these chiefs were on the CUO the CUO going to get Lou and Clark are ready to get going out River the warriors on the shore are saying you can't go we aren't going to let you go unless you release our Chiefs Louis CL doesn't want to reach the Chiefs because the Chiefs are their security without those Chiefs on board the kilbo they're they're open for assault so what what they agreed to is that they'll release the Chiefs but they're going to keep Buffalo medicine Sun remember the day before those Chiefs and their sons were visiting the kilbo I think actually they kept the Buffalo medicine sun on the heelbo so they said we'll release our CH your Chiefs we're going to keep Buffalo medicine sun and then they start going up River now this sounds uh I know this proba sounds like impossible but it's the only rationale for why that morning after they finally leave they go about 4 miles up River and unexplainably buffalo medicine is on the shore asking the expedition to stop pleading with the expedition to stop the Expedition stops they bring Buffalo medicine on board the kbo why why would you if you just got rid of these cheats who Clark rights they just so much trouble you just finally got a off the FB you left why would you stop and bring one more back on one of those you just kicked off why would you bring them back on there's no logical reason for that none but if LS and Clark had Buffalo medicine's son as hosage it makes all the sense Buffalo medicine offered to exchange himself for his son that's what a chief would do that's what I think most fathers or mothers would do that you would say give back my son take me in their place that's what buffo medicine did he he F to the heart to take him release my son they did do that moral that morning when they left after they got all those Chiefs off the boats they raised two flags up the MK a red flag and a white flag the tons have no clue what that means why would they so what so they ra the red and the White Flag wow here's what happened when they released Buffalo medicine son they told him to tell their people he said you tell your people that that red flag means you you want to fight we're going to fight you that white flag means you stay in your village will refriend them the only way they can convey the symbolism of that red white flag is through Buffalo micon's Sun going back and telling the lotas on Shore that's what that meant so that's my argument there is that on the 28th then the the hostage on board the Kio Bo is Buffalo medicine because they weren't out of ton territory yet there were still threats up River and on the 29th then as far as my argument goes there's nothing important that happens on the 29th and just proceeded on up River on the 30th though is when we have to resolve this uh uh hostage crisis if I'm going to argue that there's a hostage I got to argue somehow that they get rid of the hostage what do you do with your hostage we have to remember that the reason for taking that hostage was to get through ton territory and to get to the oros so once they would pass the last ton Village or the Lota Village then the hospital was no longer needed and on this morning they passed the last Lota Village and I'm almost sure it was an oala Village and buffalo they record that Buffalo medicine tells them this is the last ton Village you will see no more tons that's what they record of Buffalo medicine saying once they have done that then there's no need for Buffalo medicine anymore they could dispose a buffalo medicine the hostage to get through enemy territory they got to enemy territory throw away your hostage Le and Clark were writing their journals they had written that this guy Buffalo medicine was on board how are they going to get him off without mentioning that they took a hostage and this is where a miraculous event happened out of the blue a big wave came up scared buffo medicine so bad that he asked to be put off the CUO that's what the journalist say out of the blue comes this big wind scares a brave Chief so bad that he asked he put off the F if you read the historians then they just move on they went in and encountered the r said to me that sounded rang so shallow not as true so if we have't as a hostage though it makes all the sense somehow the Expedition has to get buffal medicine off the boat they do so by inventing this big wave and buffalo medicine himself asking to be put off the boat therefore they have a rationale for putting him off the boat that is my argument in a nutshell uh of of the uh expedition's encounter with the Tetons they had no idea about the Tetons or the Su when they left uh the Tamp BL when they got to the yanin is when they found out that their Lota intelligence was extremely lacking the yanin told them about the lotas on the Missouri River the yanas told them it's at the Big Bend of the Missouri Rivers when you're going to run into these people called them me conj well Louis and Clark made it about around that big band and they didn't encounter any tons or loas so I think they thought they had it made and their whole idea was to sneak past these tons they didn't want anything to do with them well they thought they had it made it was the next morning when they seen the fire they were disc discovered they had to interact with the tons of people they didn't want to it went bad they took hostages in order to ensure safe Passage through the Tetons when they got past the last Teton Village they let go of their last hostage and then they were in a r territory there they F City I think the battery must have getting we so that was 200 years ago this year 2004 September 16th and September 19th examples of this ongoing lahu history is that this this Expedition that happened 200 years ago still has ramifications and it still is bothering and some people are still wanting to stop that expedition they're wanting to stop maybe the core Discovery or at least these reenactors That's History we're all not of one mind we're all not are not of the same history and that's one of the nice things about this tent of many voices this is where we all can present our viewpoints to reiterate this is my viewpoint that I presented I've tried to do it in an academic way in a scholarly way based on evidence I'm not saying out of my personal beliefs this is what happened I'm saying this is what I think you can read the journals and it'll fit the evidence far better than the mainstream narratives that we have been reading and watching for the last maybe 200 years so with that I'd like to thank the National Park Service for inviting me here and allowing me to participate and for you all for your attention uh this afternoon and I'd be happy to answer any questions you might have thank you we do have time for one or two questions if anyone uh has something raise your hand I'll come around with the microphone if if not uh I'm sure Craig will be here for a little while to maybe talk to somebody who wants to talk to him directly thank you again Craig for that perspective once again let's give him another round of applause we're going to continue with our programming here in the ten