Tent of Many Voices: 08180603

afternoon ladies and gentlemen and welcome to the core Discovery 2 and the Ten of Min voices and true to its name the ten of many voices lends itself to allow a lot of different presenters to come in and present different aspects of the Louis and Clark expedition and things that have happened since the Lewis and Clark expedition so this is the bicentennial commemoration 200 years since Lewis and Clark and the members of the Expedition passed through here and so every hour we have a different presenter and this afternoon we have Pete John and Tom Fredericks so I'm going to let them identify who they are so Pete raise your hand John raise your hand and Tom there you go and there are Mandan Hada they're going to speak with us this afternoon about horses Cowboys and Indians and just to give you some affiliation on the end down here these are ranchers from Twin butes and this gentleman right here keeps him out of trouble he's an attorney from Colorado so please welcome the Frederick brothers and their presentation thank you uh she left one out we're members of three affiliated tribes it's Mand and riov my mother was raised by the ri and she's uh we actually are Mandan hia but we were raised by my mom was raised by the R so we claimed them too um our theme is uh Cowboys Indians and Rodeo and mine is uh I'm going to do one on Indian Rodeo so I'm I'm an Indian and I'm I've been rodeoing and I rode all my life so I'm going to talk about that talk about kind of myself I don't want I don't believe to be any better than anybody else but God given me a gift in Rodeo and so it sound like I'm bragging but I'm not I'm just telling you how it is it's the way it was and my I'm I'm a member of three affiliated tribes like I told you but I also have an Indian name and my name my Indian name is charge and Eagle I get that name through through my Mandan culture it's uh my grandfather's name was uh Charlie Grant Char excuse me Charlie Burr and he was uh charge and Eagle was a brother to to forbears one of our Indian chiefs anyway to make it get along with the story I I started rodeo with uh with kids on in round Elwood Woods back in the early days in the ' 50s and I uh we went we used to go to little rodeos around the reservation there different places like the Chase had had Arena and up in uh in the Joe and charging had an arena we had about four Arenas on the reservation and we just go to each one of those and the practice like early April and that's kind of how I got my start and in 1953 my my cousin Billy Hall Jr and esy Thornton Senior and Angus Fox qualified for the National High School Rodeo out of bua and we went to TOA and and I went to saddle Bron riding and and uh and Angus won the bearback riding and uh ese won the bull riding till we got to enter the the National High School rodo in which was held in Rapid City South Dakota in 1953 and in 1953 we had to send our applications down to the uh codo secretary at the National High School Rodeo in in Rapid City so es and Billy were give me that we uh from Alba woods they lived there in Alba Woods I lived up by twin be I rode a bus the school see so so I sent my uh application in from Halliday from the bank there in Halliday and they they sent theirs and we had to get our our our applications notorized and when we got down to the rodeo we we drove all the way down there in 53 and all there was was gravel roads all the way and we got down there and and Esley and and Jake weren't even entered they threw their entry out because they weren't notorized and I was the only one that left they left in it but I had me in the B riding instead of Saddle Bron riding so I was in be back in saddle and uh and I uh went back and checked the Bulls right away and they were sure enough big bulls and over I I like I was a freshman in high school so I was pretty worried about that I tried to get out of it and they said no we take you out of the see my specialty was bearback anyway but they had me in that one my other event was saddle Bron but they didn't have me in that they had me in bull riding so I I pleaded with them and tried to get them to take me out they wouldn't do it they didn't you if you take you out of one you're out of it completely they said so I stayed in and I got on my first bearback horse there at the Nationals and uh we only got one cuz there were so many contestants from all over the country in United States in Canada and uh and so Jake Billy Hall Jr and esby Thorn Senor they helped me down on my horse and when I got down on my horse I was I was pretty nervous cuz the horse they told me was around the help the shoot help and the producer said that horse never ridden before I don't I didn't know whe they were trying to scare me or just so I was pretty worried he was sure enough he's a shoot fighter and he CLA on the front of the shoot you know and I and of course es he got right up there and he and I uh I remember could hear my uh Spurs jingling so scared I was and and luck would have when the horse jumped out of there he was I don't know the Lord must have been on my side that day I made a good ride and I went to the lead in the bearback riding and held the lead all the way through in one the National High School bearback riding Championship I was pretty happy and the three of us we pulled our money and went to kuster South Dakota we thought we'd needed some money to get back on we just had enough entry to enter or either go back home so they wanted to ride these other my cousins and my uh my best friend there he with my uh he was engaged to uh my first cousin Audrey Hall so so we all were together you know we went over to the Custer and and sure enough Esty got into saddle Bron and bearback and I entered the bearback and saddle Bron and Jake one rode bearback enter beack and and uh we we didn't have very good horses EST and and sure enough Jake W second in the bearback r and it was only one header there too so so he had enough money to get us home Jak call so we we came back home Jak call Jak Hall yeah bil Hall Jake calls name and then uh then I went we went to uh another one in high school I went to the National High School Rodeo and and when I was a senior year the in 54 it was too far away it way down in Texas somewhere so so I didn't even bother to go but I did go to the one in uh Nebraska wasn't too far away so at 55 I went to it and uh Angus qualified for it too Jess's brother Angus and uh we got down there and sure enough we had a pretty good team together North Dakota team there was a Don rain from Hein and I had a horse that I pulled down there and uh before went my uh my old my old horse trailer was so beat up it looked pretty shabby so my sister and my mother they fixed it up and my mom made me a good shirt but she had to put the the buttons on the wrong side but I didn't make any difference I got down there and uh and uh we were entered in the right events we made sure everything was right this time around 55 and and uh came to the last horse and I had a bear back and a saddle Bron and I was in a steer wring and I pulled pull my horse down there I got from my brother buzz and I split split that horse we we bought him out a New Mexico my brother was in uh Lo Cru is going to school down there working on his degree and so I haul I pulled him down there with dad's car and I remember I drove halfway down there and I got tired so I just pulled into some farmyard somebody's farm along the road it pretty close but I but close to the trees and so I let my horse eat I had a little hayong for him and I slept in the back of the car I was by myself too then I got up the next morning drove on into Harris Nebraska then we got to the rodeo there like I was saying I was in the bear back and saddle Bron so I rode my bearb and and I run my run my steer and then in in the end we were uh neck and neck for the all around it was my one of my teammates saddle a saddle Bron rer Angus fo right behind me was between me and him for the all around of course we all wanted to win the all round cuz they gave a big horse trail away you know in all the prizes end of all around and so I uh I come out uh third in the bearback and third in the steer wrestling and Don rain won the steer wrestling with a five flat I was 53 and then somebody moved me down to third 5'2 but he won the steer resting and I won the saddle Bron riding and I also won third in the bearback riding so that gave me the allaround so he did get the trailer so I just left my old funny horse trailer sit there loaded BW up in a new new horse trailer brought him home and uh we got home and then that following winter uh 1955 we had an old guy uh back in the old days they had a uh little little little paper there twin buts they call it uh USSR and and the editor was John star senior and he seen all our publicity that we were getting see I I not only won that but my my my my first cousin Joe chase was also in college down in Texas in Oklahoma and he won the SLE Bron ring in 52 and 53 so we were getting all that publicity so he dubbed that the home of the Champions so twin bu is known as home of the Champions that we had three national championships no five national championships between the two of us he had two in sad Bron and I had I had a bearback title in 53 in a allaround and 55 in a saddle Bron so we had five national championships so we it was it was debed home of the Champions after that so they got a sign on when if they ever go there well they'll see that anyway they went on through that and then I went into college and I had a pretty fair career in college and I I I got to hurry along now cuz I get my brothers here's got to they get 15 minutes it's already 20 minutes he had even got out of college yet well to make a a long story short my mom told me she said whenever you do something good son and my dad said the same thing they were do together and they said when you do something good you will give it back to whomever you you got it from try to give something back so I went through college and I was doing pretty good in college so I transferred up to Dickenson and I thought well we don't have a a Dickinson College Rodeo team so I brought brought my articles in corporation from from down New Mexico where my brother was I went with him my first year so my second year I went to 1958 I went to Dickinson State teachers college and I organized the rodeo team there and so I I was doing what my mom said to do and I was also helping myself to be close to home in Rodeo in college and I ended up having a pretty fair I never did win a world championship National Championship in college but I was runner up in 58 57 to the allaround and then into into a I graduated out of the college ranks and and went into NFR National Finals Rodeo of the professional Rodeo Association they made us all you know if you got so far along in Rodeo while you had to give by a card and that was kind of the rule of some if you it wouldn't let you ENT these rodos you had a PRCA card they had their old own Association so we so I went to then I through the NFR I uh they go by the top 15 to go to the finals so they keep track of your points they got a point system called R Springs most you know how that works anyway uh I I qualified in two events in 61 actually didn't qualify in the saddle Bron in 61 but I didn't want to make to actually make two events cuz they we knew I knew that they had to all this rank stock down there and they and I found out that we had to get get on two head a day on the weekends and it was just over 5 days of course now they got stretched over 10 days but then then I went ahead and rode in that and I was uh I I was ranked uh e going in in the bearback riding and when I came out of the finals in Dallas Texas in 19th 61 I was ranked fourth I ended up fourth for the world got beat out by 15500 no 3500 Points each dollar of counselor point point $3,500 during the past summer of 61 I had a horse stop on on me at Cheyenne in the finals and one that stopped on me at Cenas in that that particular year they wouldn't give you any reviv under any circumstances so I launched out on that that probably cost me maybe you know a championship anyway I went to to the professional Rodeo then I went into Indian Rodeo after that I was kind of through with that so I went back into the Indian and and while I was in my professional career I went to a rodeo Indian Rodeo in Gallup New Mexico and gosh uh I was really saddened by the way the indans were treated especially the rodeo guys you know they just weren't treated right I didn't think so I I thought to myself I'm going to I'm going to pick up this deal and see if I can straighten it out so I got were the right guys I knew the guys I rodeoed with that was on the in the uh they were on the board of directors so I I got them to pass a ruling that they wouldn't they could let the Indian Rodeo be managed and helped with professional PRCA stock and officials so I got that portion done and then went into the Indian Indian Rodeo stuff we developed our our all our or organizations throughout the United States and Canada and we have I think let's see 13 associations and they're all for themselves each one but we take the top two of the National Finals rodal so we we deed the international final rodeo and it exists today as our finals are in uh St Louis they in San San Carlos San Carlos Arizona at the San at the uh Gold Casino golden golden Gold Casino yeah it's a gold uh a gold it's a Gold Casino the uh Arizona paches there and uh in Arizona anyway so it's on the 19th to the 23rd if anybody wants to go good Rodeo mountain with that I'll let uh I'll better end it so my brothers won't kill me here thank you bad ending well I guess I'm I'm up next and uh I'll try to kind of hurry through this uh so uh grandma what G to get back on schedule here since Pete took a lot of time uh I'm I'm John Fredericks Jr and I'm a member of the fre Affiliated tribes here I grw up on reservation and uh ranched all my life in the Twin Beth area in some in the west segment area and my Indian name was given to me by my grandfather Pete coffee it's uba which means he said best he could uh explain was the shin of the Buffalo some people just call it ankle you know but anyway that was that was the engine name I got it came from my uh Uncle Wilford medicon Stone who was killed in action in World War II so I kind of cherish the name because that when I was about 14 years old I was on what we call the big lease Round Up Northwest of McGregor Camp the big lease was leased and run by a few large non-indian ranchers and was separated from the Indian operators by a drift fence that had four wires he went North and South just west of my Uncle Jim Hall's Ranch and on North by Spring bues and over into the independence country now that I've sort of located us I was repping for my dad John Frederick senior with my sister Bine about this time El Woods was having a fair in Rodeo at the old Fairgrounds that was located about 1 mile south of elow woods so I told Bo my sister that I would take the Catt we picked up of my dad's and take them by the ranch she would stay and finish the Roundup and end up at a Kennedy's she she knew the a Kennedy family real well could could depend on them to take her horse uh back home or whoever she wanted she would stay and finish U as I was wanted to go to the fair and enter the rodeo so I had it East leading my horses and pushing the cow ahead past McGregor camp and down moccas to my Uncle Jim Hall's camp and finally to my dad's Ranch my dad was pleaded for my performance so when I asked him if I had go to the fair he said go to go ahead I changed horses and headed for the fair about 20 M 21 miles east I got in a bear back riding I recall the horse was wild and nervous as I was I I called for the horse and when they opened the gate I was really going to make a showing for myself I spurred at the horse's neck while he was still in the shoot and the horse ducked under my leg lucky for me he gave me a time to regroup and get my leg back on the side of his neck so I could spur him out as he left the shoot it didn't do much good however because a few jumps out of there he left me hanging in the air and then to that good old Sandy lone that flourished in our River bottoms as I drug myself out of the dirt brushed my jeans off I could hear the band playing sort of made me feel better I had my first bear back BR course behind me and the band was playing even though I bucked off the good part of it was I had a couple of uncles playing in the band Charles Hubert Senor and Arthur Manan along with Floyd Monclair and others the important thing we had a at the fair that we had a a place for the band and we had a our own band that that played the music uh and they done a good job these early events I just spoke about set the pace for me as a cowboy in professional Rodeo as well as ranch cowboy when being a cowboy really meant something to those of us that were in in it because being a ranching Cowboy meant had to get up at daylight get on while snorty horses on those cold fall mornings even if they bucked you were expected to take them all out of Tak it all out of them by the time you rode in to Camp that evening put up Hay all summer with horses until the first snowfall then ride on roundups even if it meant freezing your face to get your cattle together so you could feed them the hay you put up during the summer now I want to talk about our own early day ranchers and why ranching was so successful on a fort perol Indian Reservation the year of 1934 our tribe adopted and accepted the reorganization acts which provided for a constitution that included a corporate structure or the ability to set up a corporation most of our Indian men folks were warriors that were used to hunting Buffalo that were in abundance during that time prior to that time to provide a total living for their families and rode good horses to protect their families against the enemy tribes that they fought in the early days so the lifestyle of being a Rancher and raising cattle with horses to do the work with our Indian men will took to this new life they elected a tribal council to run the government of the tribe and they got busy working with a beer of indan Affairs together they secured a federal Charter to do business on the fort biral Indian Reservation the three tribes involved to uh were the three tribes that we that now are part of this reservation the Mandan had on RI off together they talked the Bureau of Indian Affairs into providing them with an agent to work with them in developing and using their resources thus the fort beral livestock Association was born after sending up board of directors and getting their agent on board they met with all the families of the reservation and decided with the assistance of their new agent just how they were going to run things at this point in our time we sort of had a three branch government the Bureau of Indian Affairs provided the law and order the council was our executive branch in our association with this was the Congress so to speak anyway it worked real well for for us at the time working together our people establish the following system through the use of their corporation they set up a repayment program any male or female over the age of 18 could secure cattle in 10 head increments provided they had a camp and hay for the cattle I believe early on it was capped at 50 head back in those days that was pretty good that was a pretty good bunch of cattle many of our better ranchers increased their herds to 100 and better some contracted with large meat companies and ran yearlings in larger numbers the best mother cows were purchased originally from this program and with good Bulls our indan ranchers became noted for good cattle 32 people and even bought bll from them then we set up the bull program the board of of direct the the board and the Agents purchased some very good bulls for their operators which developed into some outstanding cow hers on the red reservation the association purchased the Bulls and kept them and fed them until it was time to put them out with the cows so much per head was charged for the use of the blls no money changed hands the engine cattle had a big ID brand on on the shoulder therefore since they were considered government property nobody bothered them the board and the agent also purchased supplemental feed and salt large increments for a cheaper price all this was kept at the Elwoods agency headquarters a flower and feed mill was also set up whereby the operators could bring in their wheat in and get it processed so they would have flour for food stuffs and ran for their Cales the Indian operators never paid cash for any of the above production cost a record was kept at the headquarters office and when they sold their Cales you brought your proceeds in and your your yearly expenses were deducted and the balance was given back to the operator The Association members also set up a small loan program which provided for Indian family needs for all of the pocket expenses during the year from one fall to the next the loan was paid off the same way that other operating expenses were paid when each operator sold his cattle in the fall some operated sold locally and some shipped to other Central Markets like Fargo North Dakota South St Paul Minnesota and to Chicago Illinois I may have missed one or two but those were the main markets during those good prce years for our livestock people on the for beral engine reservation and I say good prosperous years because at that time that system provided uh a good life for all of our uh our people on the reservation and all the people participated in it I don't think there was a family that didn't and they had uh uh pigs and chickens and other livestock elk cows to provide uh uh food stuff for the for the family and I want to I'm talking about ranching but I don't want to leave the women folks out they worked very hard during those days they put in big Gardens and together with their family kept them clean and and uh canned All Summer Long not only from from the garden but also from the wild fruits and so forth we had in the area the lowlands The Association members also provided let's see I think I covered that okay it had to be a good program because all the families participated it provided a good life taught our younger generation how to work and take on responsibility at an early age basically during that time we had no welfare we had no drugs and very little alcoholism we were living the good life off the resources our great spirit provided for us we were happy we loved each other and helped one another we rolled many miles to worship our great spirit give him thanks for pro providing these things for us then came the pick Sloan era the dam was built at pck city and backed water up the big and little Missouri Rivers our Timber was gone our feed base our water hold our protection and our Indian Ranch was left their heart and soul to wither with and die with all the resources and animals that the water from the dam destroyed some other ranchers tried to Ranch on the upper bench lands they were forced to relocate to due to the Garrison Dam but we're not very successful in the in the process we lost our credit program that F that and FHA took over we're now in court with the FHA trying to keep our land together we lost our repayment program and our funds were generated from the bull program superintendent Morin gave to the tribal Business Council without our Authority but most of all we lost a great livelihood thank you you know I I'm the youngest of the of of the family and I just wanted to tell you that you know when I when I would grew up growing up doing chores was riding about two steers and maybe a colt and if they didn't get me hurt by that then they but they'd put me on a bucking barrel and I'd ride that bucking Barrel till they cut my head open or something and that's that's just that was just like doing chores for me uh and then when they were rodeoing hard we'd be we'd be up there working and I remember Pete going in fifth in road gear on when I was on the rake and uh he wanted to get down with his field cuz he was wanted to go to a rodeo in Wolf Point and uh he was going so damn fast that the rake came off and it stuck in the ground and I just went flying in the air so I walked home and told him hell I'm not riding no race for do then uh one time we were rolling up hay in the Hayfield Buzz he came home I don't know if he come home from a rodeo or a dance but swed holand was in the hay stack and we were around there playing and hell he went to sleep when he was pulling the hay up and he pulled the hay all over on top of the top of the guy and one time Pete he came from we were all hying we was really doing good we were just about done with the field and Pete he'd come back I guess he's feeling guilty cuz he wasn't helping haying he was rodeo and he came into the field about 10 minutes he had the damn tractor on fire and he had uh stuff burning and my dad went over there and said get the hell out of here he said you're a cowboy you're not a you're not a hey man you shouldn't be riding the tractor it was a lot of fun growing up on the ranch uh as my brother stated uh we did a lot of work uh I did a lot of the haying and I stayed home my mother I I started rodeo and when I was when I graduated from in the e8th grade I won the high school bearback riding and qualified for the Nationals uh but my mother said she had enough Cowboys she didn't want she didn't want me to be a cowboy and so I went to college and then uh and went into sports and got a scholarship to play football and then I went to law school and became a lawyer state minet state I graduated from in LA in undergrad and I graduated from the University of Colorado law school and I never left Colorado except to come home here uh but I wanted to give you a little idea about what life was like uh you know I remember I was the youngest so I was always the guy that was kind of taking care of things that uh like when we'd have a horse round up you know they theyd start out over here in the what Buzz called the big lease they were wild horses and so they'd start them around across the river and they'd come up on the top out by Pete's Place there at the end of the road in Twin butes we were taking them to my dad's Ranch and these horses were wild and and and our horses their horses be about played out by the time they got up on top of that coming out of tunnel point and down there on what was that Martel bottom and and they'd come out of the they'd come out of the brakes up on the Divide there and so I'd I'd be standing there holding a bunch of horses I'd have a truckload of horses unloaded and they'd take new horses and I remember one time my cousin Wesley Hall he was he was coming up there his horse was all played out so he he did but I didn't have a horse for him so he was just kind of playing around with me there I had the truck and was going to load the horses but I thought well I'll jump on the back and take a ride with him and I got us both bucked off his horse had enough enough going so he bucked us off but we took them horses all the way to my dad's place uh Wild Horses I remember that one of the last roundups I think we had uh of taking them horses into uh into the crow they're up into civilization yeah and uh the other thing I wanted to mention was you know I'm doing a lot of work on the Garrison Dam uh the taking and the uh the way the way the government looked at our life is they tried to buy an acre of land and Save that the value the value was whatever the market value was they didn't look at the value of the the actual way of life on Fort Berthold at the time of the taking in the 1940s 85% of the tribe lived along the river we were River people 85% and and all the allotments were along the river and so at the time of the taking and this is documented in our report reports 6% of the Indians were on welfare or some kind of Public Assistance and uh they all had family like John said they had family Gardens they had little cattle everybody was self-sufficient and that was because we know we had wild plums we had juneberries we had choke cherries we had wild I know right by our place in on the Little River uh where my where my folks lived we had a little patch it was just like an orchard you know we had all those fruits in there and then we had wild grapes along the river and if we wanted to get coal we got on the ice and we'd go along the river until we found the coal seam that we wanted to that my dad knew was pretty good coal and we that's where we got our coal and uh we got wood from the trees and our cattle grazed in the river bottoms it'd be windy blowing and they'd be fine you know just like it was just like a shed for them that those trees I know the people would come to my dad's Ranch on the Little River and they'd say John you got a paradise for cattle here and it was it was a very it was a very nice Ranch and I never realized what happened to my dad cuz he got up to the when he when they flooded the Missouri he went he didn't really have his heart in ranching anymore he was depressed I didn't know he was depressed but I just wondered what was wrong with him but now as I studied it I understand but uh ranching then got much more difficult but and and when the Army Corps of Engineers took our property you know they the the United States valued it as what you would sell a piece of property they didn't value all these other things that were valued the wild animals that we lived off the game that we the the subsistence that was provided by the by the uh terrain and the and the climate being by river I got five minutes you guys took all my time uh but anyway uh what we're trying to do now is you know we we've we've progressed you know we had a little guy that valued our property Buzz talked about the tribal council we didn't have big experts we didn't have lawyers like my self we our people did the best they could and they negotiated a pretty good contract they got power in there they were when after the taking they could have they were supposed to have a block of power but and and the ACT said that the secretary and the and the tribe would negotiate a contract and we did then they negotiated a pretty and I have a copy of that contract but it went to the Congress and Congress just wiped everything out and did whatever they wanted and we ended up with I think about 12 million that's all on the PowerPoint but I don't have time to do my PowerPoint uh about 12 million dollar and uh today we valued that and we used experts and we got the the way it should be valued and there's two kind of two School of thoughts is how much can you earn from an acre of land by putting efforts into it and then the other way is to Value it on what what it cost to live you know if you lived off coal and wood then you move up to the top and there's no wood no coal then you have to buy propane so there's a consumer kind of aspect to it what does it cost you now to live it's a hell of a lot more to have uh electric heat and propane and that kind of stuff so that really impacted our tribe and when we studied the studied the tribe in 1992 when we passed the jtac law uh 90 94% of our people were on some form of Public Assistance so that ought to tell you the kind of impact that the Garrison Dam had on the on the fort birthal reservation so we went from 6% public assistance to 9 94% Public public some kind of public help so we hired experts we hired an economist out of New Mexico we hired an economist out of uh that graduated from from uh Cornell and uh we valued these now the uh the the jte was a group that was appointed by the United States to represent the United States and they they found that we did not get just compensation for our bottom lands so we studied it remember they gave us $122,000 and so they studied it and they came up with a number of 182 million for the low side using the New Mexico where you earn what you can earn from the land and the the Cornell Economist who who valued it as what you lost how how would it cost you to for as a consumer and also what all the the wild animals all everything you lost from from a a way of life and that came up to 411 million well Congress said you know they they said well we don't know if this is right the the secretary the interior disagreed with their his own jtac committee that he had appointed and so he he sent it on to Congress and then Congress enacted a bill or they gave it to the GAO the general Accounting Office to look at it and they said well they've overstated their uh their amount so what what we should do is remember the tribal counil hired a little uh appraiser that probably from partial or from harison or minet or someplace that appraised the land down here and he came up with 20 about 22 million or 23 million and so the goo said well we think that's overstated they were willing to take 23 million back when in 1949 when they had no money they had nothing to hire an expert with so let's just give them the difference between the 23 million that they said they were entitled to back in' 47 and what we paid them and then they took the uh corporate bond rate and and present valued it up to the present day and that came to 149 million and now uh they valued they went to to uh and there's a lot of this kind of going on now the river 23% of the land that was lost as as a result of the pick Stone Sloan program was ended land and there were eight dams on the Reed on the river and so there's eight tribes that were flooded out by and the reason for that is Congress it was easy for the United States to take indan land because it was in the name of the United States it was underdeveloped they thought it was cheaper but it had a crippling effect on the on the on the Indians and now Senator McCain he's saying you know there they they went to Cheyenne River and Cheyenne River got a value that we all claim is the is the right way to Value the land to Value what we lost as Indians and that came to 290 million and they lost 104,000 Acres well the economist that did that is Robert mofin and and he's the he's the guy that uh valued Standing Rock and he valued uh shyenne River well they finally Jo went along with Bob mcgloin's uh economics and so they uh they passed the jtac bill at at cheyen River for 290 million so that means that our if we get parody with that at Fort berold we should get 41 million in back in 1992 which is going to be a lot more today we're thinking maybe a billion John McCain is saying how come you guys keep coming back here I mean how how many times you to get your head in the trough he said at the last hearing well we're we're coming back because we're entitled to just compensation when you get when you get land taken for a public purpose and it's private land you're supposed to be able to get just compensation and and so that's the argument that we're saying we didn't get just compensation your own people and and Congress said we didn't get just compensation they said that in their findings in the jtac law so we've got a big fight going going on and and John is head of a group we call the upper Missouri River all lates Association which is and and when Congress passed this 149 million 90% of the land that was lost was allotted land meaning individual land and they gave the 149 million to the to the tribe instead of to the to the elates so that's the fight we're at now we got and so we're you know we don't want to be fighting between the tribes so we're saying to the tribe you keep the 149 we're going to go after the 411 so uh so that's kind of where we're at and I know our time is up but I just wanted I had a a pictoral I wanted to show you how we lived back when but that'll be another day I guess thank you thank you all very much well they gave us a wealth of information unfortunately we don't have any time for questions but hopefully if you do have any questions for Tom Pete and John they can answer them at the back of the Tomi and here in about five minutes we're going to have Harry bamp and Harry bamp III speaking about a ciny culture and history thank you very much